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Provision infrastructure with Dagger and AWS CloudFormation

In this guide, you will learn how to automatically provision infrastructure on AWS by integrating Amazon Cloudformation in your Dagger environment.

We will start with something simple: provisioning a new bucket on Amazon S3. But Cloudformation can provision almost any AWS resource, and Dagger can integrate with the full Cloudformation API.

Prerequisites

Reminder

Guidelines

The provisioning strategy detailed below follows S3 best practices. However, to remain agnostic of your current AWS level, it profoundly relies on S3 and Cloudformation documentation.

Relays

The first thing to consider when developing a plan based on relays is to read their universe reference: it summarizes the expected inputs and their corresponding formats. Here is the Cloudformation one.

Initialize a Dagger Project and Environment

(optional) Setup example app

You will need the local copy of the Dagger examples repository used in previous guides

git clone https://github.com/dagger/examples

Make sure to run all commands from the todoapp directory:

cd examples/todoapp

Organize your package

Let's create a new directory for our Cue package:

mkdir cloudformation

Create a basic plan

Let's implement the Cloudformation template and convert it to a Cue definition for further flexibility.

Setup the template and the environment

Setup the template

The idea here is to follow best practices in S3 buckets provisioning. Thankfully, the AWS documentation contains a working Cloudformation template that fits 95% of our needs.

1. Tweaking the template: output bucket name only

Create a file named template.cue and add the following configuration to it.

todoapp/cloudformation/template.cue
package main

// inlined s3 cloudformation template as a string
template: """
{
"AWSTemplateFormatVersion": "2010-09-09",
"Resources": {
"S3Bucket": {
"Type": "AWS::S3::Bucket",
"Properties": {
"AccessControl": "PublicRead",
"WebsiteConfiguration": {
"IndexDocument": "index.html",
"ErrorDocument": "error.html"
}
},
"DeletionPolicy": "Retain"
},
"BucketPolicy": {
"Type": "AWS::S3::BucketPolicy",
"Properties": {
"PolicyDocument": {
"Id": "MyPolicy",
"Version": "2012-10-17",
"Statement": [
{
"Sid": "PublicReadForGetBucketObjects",
"Effect": "Allow",
"Principal": "*",
"Action": "s3:GetObject",
"Resource": {
"Fn::Join": [
"",
[
"arn:aws:s3:::",
{
"Ref": "S3Bucket"
},
"/*"
]
]
}
}
]
},
"Bucket": {
"Ref": "S3Bucket"
}
}
}
},
"Outputs": {
"Name": {
"Value": {
"Fn::GetAtt": ["S3Bucket", "Arn"]
},
"Description": "Name S3 Bucket"
}
}
}
"""
2. Cloudformation relay

As our plan relies on Cloudformation's relay, let's dissect the expected inputs by gradually incorporating them into our plan.

dagger doc alpha.dagger.io/aws/cloudformation
# Inputs:
# config.region string AWS region
# config.accessKey dagger.#Secret AWS access key
# config.secretKey dagger.#Secret AWS secret key
# source string Source is the Cloudformation template (JSON/YAML…
# stackName string Stackname is the cloudformation stack
# parameters struct Stack parameters
# onFailure *"DO_NOTHING" | "ROLLBACK" | "DELETE" Behavior when failure to create/update the Stack
# timeout *10 | >=0 & int Maximum waiting time until stack creation/update…
# neverUpdate *false | true Never update the stack if already exists
1. General insights

As seen above in the documentation, values starting with * are default values. However, as a plan developer, we may need to add default values to inputs from relays without one: Cue gives you this flexibility.

2. The config value

The config values are all part of the aws relay. Regarding this package, as you can see above, five of the required inputs miss default options (parameters field is optional):

  • config.region
  • config.accessKey
  • config.secretKey
  • source
  • stackName

Let's implement the first step, use the aws.#Config relay, and request its first inputs: the region to deploy and the AWS credentials.

todoapp/cloudformation/source.cue
package main

import (
"alpha.dagger.io/aws"
)

// AWS account: credentials and region
awsConfig: aws.#Config

This defines:

  • awsConfig: AWS CLI Configuration step using the package alpha.dagger.io/aws. It takes three user inputs: a region, an accessKey, and a secretKey

Setup the environment

1. Create a new environment

Let's create a project:

dagger init

Let's create an environment to run it:

dagger new 'cloudformation' -p ./cloudformation
2. Check plan

Pro tips: To check whether it worked or not, these three commands might help

dagger input list -e cloudformation # List our personal plan's inputs
# Input Value Set by user Description
# awsConfig.region string false AWS region
# awsConfig.accessKey dagger.#Secret false AWS access key
# awsConfig.secretKey dagger.#Secret false AWS secret key

dagger query -e cloudformation # Query values / inspect default values (Instrumental in case of conflict)
# {}

dagger up -e cloudformation # Try to run the plan. As expected, we encounter a failure because some user inputs haven't been set
# 4:11PM ERR system | required input is missing input=awsConfig.region
# 4:11PM ERR system | required input is missing input=awsConfig.accessKey
# 4:11PM ERR system | required input is missing input=awsConfig.secretKey
# 4:11PM FTL system | some required inputs are not set, please re-run with `--force` if you think it's a mistake missing=0s

Finish template setup

Now that we have the config definition properly configured, let's modify the Cloudformation one:

todoapp/cloudformation/source.cue
package main

import (
"alpha.dagger.io/aws"
"alpha.dagger.io/dagger"
"alpha.dagger.io/random"
"alpha.dagger.io/aws/cloudformation"
)

// AWS account: credentials and region
awsConfig: aws.#Config

// Create a random suffix
suffix: random.#String & {
seed: ""
}

// Query the Cloudformation stackname, or create one with a random suffix for uniqueness
cfnStackName: *"stack-\(suffix.out)" | string & dagger.#Input

// AWS Cloudformation stdlib
cfnStack: cloudformation.#Stack & {
config: awsConfig
stackName: cfnStackName
source: template
}

This defines:

  • suffix: random suffix leveraging the random relay. It doesn't have a seed because we don't care about predictability
  • cfnStackName: Name of the stack, either a default value stack-suffix or user input
  • cfnStack: Cloudformation relay with AWS config, stackName and JSON template as inputs

Configure the environment

Before bringing up the deployment, we need to provide the cfnStack inputs declared in the configuration. Otherwise, Dagger will complain about missing inputs.

dagger up -e cloudformation
# 3:34PM ERR system | required input is missing input=awsConfig.region
# 3:34PM ERR system | required input is missing input=awsConfig.accessKey
# 3:34PM ERR system | required input is missing input=awsConfig.secretKey
# 3:34PM FTL system | some required inputs are not set, please re-run with `--force` if you think it's a mistake missing=0s

You can inspect the list of inputs (both required and optional) using dagger input list:

dagger input list -e cloudformation
# Input Value Set by user Description
# awsConfig.region string false AWS region
# awsConfig.accessKey dagger.#Secret false AWS access key
# awsConfig.secretKey dagger.#Secret false AWS secret key
# suffix.length *12 | number false length of the string
# cfnStack.onFailure *"DO_NOTHING" | "ROLLBACK" | "DELETE" false Behavior when failure to create/update the Stack
# cfnStack.timeout *10 | >=0 & int false Maximum waiting time until stack creation/update (in minutes)
# cfnStack.neverUpdate *false | true false Never update the stack if already exists

Let's provide the missing inputs:

dagger input text awsConfig.region us-east-2 -e cloudformation
dagger input secret awsConfig.accessKey yourAccessKey -e cloudformation
dagger input secret awsConfig.secretKey yourSecretKey -e cloudformation

Deploying

Finally ! We now have a working template ready to be used to provision S3 infrastructures. Let's deploy it:

dagger up -e cloudformation
#2:22PM INF suffix.out | computing
#2:22PM INF suffix.out | completed duration=200ms
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | computing
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 1.304 {
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 1.304 "Parameters": []
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 1.304 }
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 2.948 {
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 2.948 "StackId": "arn:aws:cloudformation:us-east-2:817126022176:stack/stack-emktqcfwksng/207d29a0-cd0b-11eb-aafd-0a6bae5481b4"
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 2.948 }
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | completed duration=35s

dagger output list -e cloudformation
# Output Value Description
# suffix.out "emktqcfwksng" generated random string
# cfnStack.outputs.Name "arn:aws:s3:::stack-emktqcfwksng-s3bucket-9eiowjs1jab4" -

The deployment went well!

In case of a failure, the Debug deploy tab shows the command to get more information. The name of the provisioned S3 instance lies in the cfnStack.outputs.Name output key, without arn:aws:s3:::

With this provisioning infrastructure, your dev team will easily be able to instantiate aws infrastructures: all they need to know is dagger input list -e cloudformation and dagger up -e cloudformation isn't that awesome? :-D

Cue Cloudformation template

This section will convert the inlined JSON template to CUE to take advantage of the language features.

To do so quickly, we will first transform the template from JSON format to Cue format, then optimize it to leverage Cue's forces.

1. Create convert.cue

We will create a new convert.cue file to process the conversion

todoapp/cloudformation/convert.cue
package main

import "encoding/json"

s3Template: json.Unmarshal(template)

This defines:

  • s3Template: contains the unmarshalled template.

You need to empty the plan and copy the convert.cue file to the plan for Dagger to reference it

mv cloudformation/source.cue ~/tmp/

2. Retrieve the Unmarshalled JSON

Then, still in the same folder, query the s3Template value to retrieve the Unmarshalled result of s3:

dagger query s3Template -e cloudformation
# {
# "AWSTemplateFormatVersion": "2010-09-09",
# "Outputs": {
# "Name": {
# "Description": "Name S3 Bucket",
# "Value": {
# "Fn::GetAtt": [
# "S3Bucket",
# "Arn"
# ...

The commented output above is the cue version of the JSON Template, copy it

3. Remove convert.cue

rm cloudformation/convert.cue

4. Store the output

Open cloudformation/template.cue and append below elements with copied Cue definition of the JSON:

todoapp/cloudformation/template.cue
// Add this line, to make it part to the cloudformation template
package main

import "encoding/json"

// Wrap exported Cue in previous point inside the `s3` value
s3: {
AWSTemplateFormatVersion: "2010-09-09"
Outputs: Name: {
Description: "Name S3 Bucket"
Value: "Fn::GetAtt": [
"S3Bucket",
"Arn",
]
}
Resources: {
BucketPolicy: {
Properties: {
Bucket: Ref: "S3Bucket"
PolicyDocument: {
Id: "MyPolicy"
Statement: [
{
Action: "s3:GetObject"
Effect: "Allow"
Principal: "*"
Resource: "Fn::Join": [
"",
[
"arn:aws:s3:::",
{
Ref: "S3Bucket"
},
"/*",
],
]
Sid: "PublicReadForGetBucketObjects"
},
]
Version: "2012-10-17"
}
}
Type: "AWS::S3::BucketPolicy"
}
S3Bucket: {
DeletionPolicy: "Retain"
Properties: {
AccessControl: "PublicRead"
WebsiteConfiguration: {
ErrorDocument: "error.html"
IndexDocument: "index.html"
}
}
Type: "AWS::S3::Bucket"
}
}
}

// Template contains the marshalled value of the s3 template
template: json.Marshal(s3)

We're using the built-in json.Marshal function to convert CUE back to JSON, so Cloudformation still receives the same template.

You can inspect the configuration using dagger query -e cloudformation to verify it produces the same manifest:

dagger query template -f text -e cloudformation

Now that the template is defined in CUE, we can use the language to add more flexibility to our template.

Let's define a re-usable #Deployment definition in todoapp/cloudformation/deployment.cue:

todoapp/cloudformation/deployment.cue
package main

#Deployment: {

// Bucket's output description
description: string

// index file
indexDocument: *"index.html" | string

// error file
errorDocument: *"error.html" | string

// Bucket policy version
version: *"2012-10-17" | string

// Retain as default deletion policy. Delete is also accepted but requires the s3 bucket to be empty
deletionPolicy: *"Retain" | "Delete"

// Canned access control list (ACL) that grants predefined permissions to the bucket
accessControl: *"PublicRead" | "Private" | "PublicReadWrite" | "AuthenticatedRead" | "LogDeliveryWrite" | "BucketOwnerRead" | "BucketOwnerFullControl" | "AwsExecRead"

// Modified copy of s3 value in `todoapp/cloudformation/template.cue`
template: {
AWSTemplateFormatVersion: "2010-09-09"
Outputs: Name: {
Description: description
Value: "Fn::GetAtt": [
"S3Bucket",
"Arn",
]
}
Resources: {
BucketPolicy: {
Properties: {
Bucket: Ref: "S3Bucket"
PolicyDocument: {
Id: "MyPolicy"
Statement: [
{
Action: "s3:GetObject"
Effect: "Allow"
Principal: "*"
Resource: "Fn::Join": [
"",
[
"arn:aws:s3:::",
{
Ref: "S3Bucket"
},
"/*",
],
]
Sid: "PublicReadForGetBucketObjects"
},
]
Version: version
}
}
Type: "AWS::S3::BucketPolicy"
}
S3Bucket: {
DeletionPolicy: deletionPolicy
Properties: {
AccessControl: "PublicRead"
WebsiteConfiguration: {
ErrorDocument: errorDocument
IndexDocument: indexDocument
}
}
Type: "AWS::S3::Bucket"
}
}
}
}

template.cue can be rewritten as follows:

todoapp/cloudformation/template.cue
package main

import "encoding/json"

s3: #Deployment & {
description: "Name S3 Bucket"
}

// Template contains the marshalled value of the s3 template
template: json.Marshal(s3.template)

Verify template

Double-checks at the template level can be done with manual uploads on Cloudformation's web interface or by executing the below command locally:

tmpfile=$(mktemp ./tmp.XXXXXX) && dagger query template -f text -e cloudformation > "$tmpfile" && aws cloudformation validate-template  --template-body file://"$tmpfile" ; rm "$tmpfile"

Let's make sure it yields the same result:

dagger query template -f text -e cloudformation
# {
# "description": "Name S3 Bucket",
# "indexDocument": "index.html",
# "errorDocument": "error.html",
# "version": "2012-10-17",
# "deletionPolicy": "Retain",
# "accessControl": "PublicRead",
# "template": {
# "AWSTemplateFormatVersion": "2010-09-09",
# "Outputs": {
# "Name": {
# "Description": "Name S3 Bucket",
# "Value": {

Reimplement source.cue:

todoapp/cloudformation/source.cue
package main

import (
"alpha.dagger.io/aws"
"alpha.dagger.io/dagger"
"alpha.dagger.io/random"
"alpha.dagger.io/aws/cloudformation"
)

// AWS account: credentials and region
awsConfig: aws.#Config

// Create a random suffix
suffix: random.#String & {
seed: ""
}

// Query the Cloudformation stackname, or create one with a random suffix for uniqueness
cfnStackName: *"stack-\(suffix.out)" | string & dagger.#Input

// AWS Cloudformation stdlib
cfnStack: cloudformation.#Stack & {
config: awsConfig
stackName: cfnStackName
source: template
}

And we can now deploy it:

dagger up -e cloudformation
#2:22PM INF suffix.out | computing
#2:22PM INF suffix.out | completed duration=200ms
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | computing
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 1.304 {
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 1.304 "Parameters": []
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 1.304 }
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 2.948 {
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 2.948 "StackId": "arn:aws:cloudformation:us-east-2:817126022176:stack/stack-emktqcfwksng/207d29a0-cd0b-11eb-aafd-0a6bae5481b4"
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | #15 2.948 }
#2:22PM INF cfnStack.outputs | completed duration=35s

Name of the deployed bucket:

dagger output list -e cloudformation
# Output Value Description
# suffix.out "ucwcecwwshdl" generated random string
# cfnStack.outputs.Name "arn:aws:s3:::stack-ucwcecwwshdl-s3bucket-gaqmj8rzsl08" -

The name of the provisioned S3 instance lies in the cfnStack.outputs.Name output key, without arn:aws:s3:::

PS: This plan could be further extended with the AWS S3 example. It could provide infrastructure and quickly deploy it.

PS1: As it could be an excellent first exercise for you, this won't be detailed here. However, we're interested in your imagination: let us know your implementations :-)